Fortnight assignment 5th year A-B

 

                                                     

El presente trabajo se realiza de forma personal. No se admitirán respuestas similares entre estudiantes. La presentación del trabajo via electrónica debe conservar el formato original. De no ser así el trabajo deberá ser hecho nuevamente o será desaprobado. Si no entiende alguna de las consignas o alguna palabra, utilice diccionario (del formato más accesible). Si tienes alguna duda puedes consultar por los medios electrónicos disponibles. Fecha de entrega: viernes 21 de agosto  de 2020, 12,30 hs.

                                                                                                                                                                                                Have to, Must

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb have as a main verb). We include have to here for convenience.

Must is a modal auxiliary verb.

have to for objective obligation

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory.

Example: Children have to go to school.

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb.

The basic structure for have to is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

have

+

to-infinitive

In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

• In France, you have to drive on the right.
• In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
• John has to wear a tie at work.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation comes from outside. We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb.

Must for subjective obligation

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary.

Example: I must go.

 

The basic structure for must is:

 

subject

+

auxiliary verb must

+

main verb base

The main verb is always the same form: base

Look at these examples:

subject	auxiliary verb must	main verb base
I	must	go	home.
You	must	visit	us.
We	must	stop	now.

Must not for prohibition

We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed.

Example: Passengers must not talk to the driver. (Prohibition)

So when we want to express a negative idea for must without expressing prohibition, we need to used have to

Example: I don’t have to wake up at 6a m in quarantine (absence of necessity)

A quiet life

    Arthur is a small town in the US. It’s in the state of Illinois, 250km south of Chicago. In some ways it is a typical town. It has a small town centre with some shops, a bank, a post office, and a few restaurants, but there’s also something different about Arthur. Some of the houses are modern but some houses haven’t got electricity or phones. Then, in the car parks you can see horses and carts next to the cars. That is because a lot of Amish people live there.

The Amish are an old religious community. They originally came from Switzerland and Germany in the 18^th century. They left Europe to escape religious persecution, and a lot of them went to live in US. Today, The Amish live in small communities in the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Illinois. They live very simple lives.

The Amish community has a lot of rules, or Ordung. These rules tell them what they must and mustn’t do. For example, they mustn’t drive cars, use phones, or have electricity in their homes. There are also rules about their clothes and hair. Amish women and girls must wear long dresses, and men must wear dark jackets and trousers. Women mustn’t cut their hair short and men must have beards. Some of the rules are strict, but the Amish are happy to follow them because they like their traditional way of life. 

Match the sentences halves:

Arthur                                   are a religious community in the US.

Amish                                   is a list of rules.

Ordung                                 is a town in Illinois.

Answer the questions.

1) Why is Arthur different to other small towns in the US?

____________________________________________________________________________

2) Where did the Amish originally come from?

___________________________________________________________________________

3) When and why did they live Europe?

__________________________________________________________________________

4) What do Amish rules say about travelling and technology?

__________________________________________________________________________

5) What rules are there about clothes and hair?

__________________________________________________________________________

 

                                                      Conditional sentences

Zero Conditional

In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is in the simple present.

If + simple present, simple present

Eg: If you heat ice, it melts.

       If it rains, the grass gets wet

 This kind of sentence expresses the idea of a general truth, such as scientific facts. In this kind of sentences we talk about real time, all time fact.

Eg: If you freeze water, it become solid.

       If you don’t water plants, they die.

       If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

  We can also use this type of conditional sentences to give instructions with imperative ideas.

Eg: If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the bank.

      If you want to come, call me before 5pm.

In zero conditional sentences we can use if and When with the same sense.

Eg: If you heat ice, it melts.

      When you heat ice, it melts.

      If you don’t water plants, they die.

      When you don’t water plants, they die.

First conditional

If + simple present, Will + infinitive

Eg: If you don’t hurry, you will be late.

      If it rains this weekend, we will not be able to play tennis.

These conditional sentences are used to talk about the real probability that an event take place. The idea of these sentences are based on real facts and are used to give warnings.

Eg: If I finish my assignment, I will have my lunch.  

 We can also use verbs such as: can, must, should (modal verbs) in the main clause to express degree of certainty, permission or recommendation.

Eg: If you break the glass, you might get hurt.

      If you get the symptoms, you should go to the doctor.  

Second conditional

If + simple past, Would+ infinitive

Eg: If I bought her dress, I would do it on line.

        If I had a lot of money, I would not stay here.

This kind of sentences refer to ideas that are improbable to happen  Also the situation may happen if the real situation were different and we do not really expect the situation to happen.

In the case of the verb to Be, we use were for all the subjects instead of the corresponding ones.

Eg: If I were you, I would not do that.

      If she were the right one, I would marry her.

Exercises

Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs and add a corresponding verb.

1) If you _____________ (wash) the dishes, I (cook) ____________________ dinner tonight.

2) If my dad ___________ (have) time next week, we (paint)______________ my room.

3) You (learn) _______________ a lot about Argentinian history, if you _________ (visit) the exhibition.

4) If the weather (be/not) ____________ too bad tomorrow, we (play) ______________ golf.

5) We (get/not) ______________ there on time, If we (catch/not) ______________ the bus.

6) If you need the car in the afternoon, I______________ shopping in the afternoon.

7) If I _________ a hat, I would look like an old woman.

8) I will buy this bag, if they _________ it in blue.

9) She wouldn’t pay cash, if she _______________a credit card.

10) If I didn’t have you, I ______________ what to do.

 Rewrite the sentences and use the first conditional. Keep the same meaning.

 Example

My car will be out of order. I won't drive you there.

 If my car is out of order, I won't drive you there.

1) We'll have a nap after lunch. We'll be sleepy.

     We'll have a nap after lunch if we ......................... sleepy.

 2) I won't know his phone number. I won't be able to give him a ring.

      If I ................................. his phone number, I won't be able to give him a ring.

 3) John will be at work. He won't go with us.

     As long as John ..................... at work, he won't go with us.

4) He won't like the monitor. He can send it back to the shop.

     Provided that he ...................... the monitor, he can send it back to the shop.

5) We won't help you. We won't have enough time.

     We won't help you if we ...................... enough time. You will choose some other hotel.

6)  You won't be happy about it. You will choose some other hotel

    unless you ................. happy about it.

7) Take up this course. You will like it.

     If you.......................... this course, you will like it.

 8)   Don't tell your parents. They will be surprised.

       Unless you............................. your parents, they will be surprised.

  9) You won't eat anything. You'll be hungry.

       If you ............................... anything, you'll be hungry.

10) We'll set off tomorrow. The weather will be good.

      We'll set off tomorrow on condition that the weather....................... good.

 
                                                  

     Have to, Must

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb have as a main verb). We include have to here for convenience.

Must is a modal auxiliary verb.

have to for objective obligation

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory.

Example: Children have to go to school.

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb.

The basic structure for have to is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

have

+

to-infinitive

In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

• In France, you have to drive on the right.
• In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
• John has to wear a tie at work.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation comes from outside. We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb.

Must for subjective obligation

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary.

Example: I must go.

 

The basic structure for must is:

 

subject

+

auxiliary verb must

+

main verb base

The main verb is always the same form: base

Look at these examples:

subject	auxiliary verb must	main verb base
I	must	go	home.
You	must	visit	us.
We	must	stop	now.

Must not for prohibition

We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed.

Example: Passengers must not talk to the driver. (Prohibition)

So when we want to express a negative idea for must without expressing prohibition, we need to used have to

Example: I don’t have to wake up at 6a m in quarantine (absence of necessity)

A quiet life

    Arthur is a small town in the US. It’s in the state of Illinois, 250km south of Chicago. In some ways it is a typical town. It has a small town centre with some shops, a bank, a post office, and a few restaurants, but there’s also something different about Arthur. Some of the houses are modern but some houses haven’t got electricity or phones. Then, in the car parks you can see horses and carts next to the cars. That is because a lot of Amish people live there.

The Amish are an old religious community. They originally came from Switzerland and Germany in the 18^th century. They left Europe to escape religious persecution, and a lot of them went to live in US. Today, The Amish live in small communities in the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Illinois. They live very simple lives.

The Amish community has a lot of rules, or Ordung. These rules tell them what they must and mustn’t do. For example, they mustn’t drive cars, use phones, or have electricity in their homes. There are also rules about their clothes and hair. Amish women and girls must wear long dresses, and men must wear dark jackets and trousers. Women mustn’t cut their hair short and men must have beards. Some of the rules are strict, but the Amish are happy to follow them because they like their traditional way of life. 

Match the sentences halves:

Arthur                                   are a religious community in the US.

Amish                                   is a list of rules.

Ordung                                 is a town in Illinois.

Answer the questions.

1) Why is Arthur different to other small towns in the US?

____________________________________________________________________________

2) Where did the Amish originally come from?

___________________________________________________________________________

3) When and why did they live Europe?

__________________________________________________________________________

4) What do Amish rules say about travelling and technology?

__________________________________________________________________________

5) What rules are there about clothes and hair?

__________________________________________________________________________

 

                                                      Conditional sentences

Zero Conditional

In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is in the simple present.

If + simple present, simple present

Eg: If you heat ice, it melts.

       If it rains, the grass gets wet

 This kind of sentence expresses the idea of a general truth, such as scientific facts. In this kind of sentences we talk about real time, all time fact.

Eg: If you freeze water, it become solid.

       If you don’t water plants, they die.

       If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

  We can also use this type of conditional sentences to give instructions with imperative ideas.

Eg: If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the bank.

      If you want to come, call me before 5pm.

In zero conditional sentences we can use if and When with the same sense.

Eg: If you heat ice, it melts.

      When you heat ice, it melts.

      If you don’t water plants, they die.

      When you don’t water plants, they die.

First conditional

If + simple present, Will + infinitive

Eg: If you don’t hurry, you will be late.

      If it rains this weekend, we will not be able to play tennis.

These conditional sentences are used to talk about the real probability that an event take place. The idea of these sentences are based on real facts and are used to give warnings.

Eg: If I finish my assignment, I will have my lunch.  

 We can also use verbs such as: can, must, should (modal verbs) in the main clause to express degree of certainty, permission or recommendation.

Eg: If you break the glass, you might get hurt.

      If you get the symptoms, you should go to the doctor.  

Second conditional

If + simple past, Would+ infinitive

Eg: If I bought her dress, I would do it on line.

        If I had a lot of money, I would not stay here.

This kind of sentences refer to ideas that are improbable to happen  Also the situation may happen if the real situation were different and we do not really expect the situation to happen.

In the case of the verb to Be, we use were for all the subjects instead of the corresponding ones.

Eg: If I were you, I would not do that.

      If she were the right one, I would marry her.

Exercises

Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs and add a corresponding verb.

1) If you _____________ (wash) the dishes, I (cook) ____________________ dinner tonight.

2) If my dad ___________ (have) time next week, we (paint)______________ my room.

3) You (learn) _______________ a lot about Argentinian history, if you _________ (visit) the exhibition.

4) If the weather (be/not) ____________ too bad tomorrow, we (play) ______________ golf.

5) We (get/not) ______________ there on time, If we (catch/not) ______________ the bus.

6) If you need the car in the afternoon, I______________ shopping in the afternoon.

7) If I _________ a hat, I would look like an old woman.

8) I will buy this bag, if they _________ it in blue.

9) She wouldn’t pay cash, if she _______________a credit card.

10) If I didn’t have you, I ______________ what to do.

 Rewrite the sentences and use the first conditional. Keep the same meaning.

 Example

My car will be out of order. I won't drive you there.

 If my car is out of order, I won't drive you there.

1) We'll have a nap after lunch. We'll be sleepy.

     We'll have a nap after lunch if we ......................... sleepy.

 2) I won't know his phone number. I won't be able to give him a ring.

      If I ................................. his phone number, I won't be able to give him a ring.

 3) John will be at work. He won't go with us.

     As long as John ..................... at work, he won't go with us.

4) He won't like the monitor. He can send it back to the shop.

     Provided that he ...................... the monitor, he can send it back to the shop.

5) We won't help you. We won't have enough time.

     We won't help you if we ...................... enough time. You will choose some other hotel.

6)  You won't be happy about it. You will choose some other hotel

    unless you ................. happy about it.

7) Take up this course. You will like it.

     If you.......................... this course, you will like it.

 8)   Don't tell your parents. They will be surprised.

       Unless you............................. your parents, they will be surprised.

  9) You won't eat anything. You'll be hungry.

       If you ............................... anything, you'll be hungry.

10) We'll set off tomorrow. The weather will be good.

      We'll set off tomorrow on condition that the weather....................... good.

 

                                                     Have to, Must

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb have as a main verb). We include have to here for convenience.

Must is a modal auxiliary verb.

have to for objective obligation

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory.

Example: Children have to go to school.

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb.

The basic structure for have to is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

have

+

to-infinitive

In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

• In France, you have to drive on the right.
• In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
• John has to wear a tie at work.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation comes from outside. We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb.

Must for subjective obligation

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary.

Example: I must go.

 

The basic structure for must is:

 

subject

+

auxiliary verb must

+

main verb base

The main verb is always the same form: base

Look at these examples:

subject	auxiliary verb must	main verb base
I	must	go	home.
You	must	visit	us.
We	must	stop	now.

Must not for prohibition

We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed.

Example: Passengers must not talk to the driver. (Prohibition)

So when we want to express a negative idea for must without expressing prohibition, we need to used have to

Example: I don’t have to wake up at 6a m in quarantine (absence of necessity)

A quiet life

    Arthur is a small town in the US. It’s in the state of Illinois, 250km south of Chicago. In some ways it is a typical town. It has a small town centre with some shops, a bank, a post office, and a few restaurants, but there’s also something different about Arthur. Some of the houses are modern but some houses haven’t got electricity or phones. Then, in the car parks you can see horses and carts next to the cars. That is because a lot of Amish people live there.

The Amish are an old religious community. They originally came from Switzerland and Germany in the 18^th century. They left Europe to escape religious persecution, and a lot of them went to live in US. Today, The Amish live in small communities in the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Illinois. They live very simple lives.

The Amish community has a lot of rules, or Ordung. These rules tell them what they must and mustn’t do. For example, they mustn’t drive cars, use phones, or have electricity in their homes. There are also rules about their clothes and hair. Amish women and girls must wear long dresses, and men must wear dark jackets and trousers. Women mustn’t cut their hair short and men must have beards. Some of the rules are strict, but the Amish are happy to follow them because they like their traditional way of life. 

Match the sentences halves:

Arthur                                   are a religious community in the US.

Amish                                   is a list of rules.

Ordung                                 is a town in Illinois.

Answer the questions.

1) Why is Arthur different to other small towns in the US?

____________________________________________________________________________

2) Where did the Amish originally come from?

___________________________________________________________________________

3) When and why did they live Europe?

__________________________________________________________________________

4) What do Amish rules say about travelling and technology?

__________________________________________________________________________

5) What rules are there about clothes and hair?

__________________________________________________________________________

 

                                                      Conditional sentences

Zero Conditional

In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is in the simple present.

If + simple present, simple present

Eg: If you heat ice, it melts.

       If it rains, the grass gets wet

 This kind of sentence expresses the idea of a general truth, such as scientific facts. In this kind of sentences we talk about real time, all time fact.

Eg: If you freeze water, it become solid.

       If you don’t water plants, they die.

       If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

  We can also use this type of conditional sentences to give instructions with imperative ideas.

Eg: If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the bank.

      If you want to come, call me before 5pm.

In zero conditional sentences we can use if and When with the same sense.

Eg: If you heat ice, it melts.

      When you heat ice, it melts.

      If you don’t water plants, they die.

      When you don’t water plants, they die.

First conditional

If + simple present, Will + infinitive

Eg: If you don’t hurry, you will be late.

      If it rains this weekend, we will not be able to play tennis.

These conditional sentences are used to talk about the real probability that an event take place. The idea of these sentences are based on real facts and are used to give warnings.

Eg: If I finish my assignment, I will have my lunch.  

 We can also use verbs such as: can, must, should (modal verbs) in the main clause to express degree of certainty, permission or recommendation.

Eg: If you break the glass, you might get hurt.

      If you get the symptoms, you should go to the doctor.  

Second conditional

If + simple past, Would+ infinitive

Eg: If I bought her dress, I would do it on line.

        If I had a lot of money, I would not stay here.

This kind of sentences refer to ideas that are improbable to happen  Also the situation may happen if the real situation were different and we do not really expect the situation to happen.

In the case of the verb to Be, we use were for all the subjects instead of the corresponding ones.

Eg: If I were you, I would not do that.

      If she were the right one, I would marry her.

Exercises

Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs and add a corresponding verb.

1) If you _____________ (wash) the dishes, I (cook) ____________________ dinner tonight.

2) If my dad ___________ (have) time next week, we (paint)______________ my room.

3) You (learn) _______________ a lot about Argentinian history, if you _________ (visit) the exhibition.

4) If the weather (be/not) ____________ too bad tomorrow, we (play) ______________ golf.

5) We (get/not) ______________ there on time, If we (catch/not) ______________ the bus.

6) If you need the car in the afternoon, I______________ shopping in the afternoon.

7) If I _________ a hat, I would look like an old woman.

8) I will buy this bag, if they _________ it in blue.

9) She wouldn’t pay cash, if she _______________a credit card.

10) If I didn’t have you, I ______________ what to do.

 Rewrite the sentences and use the first conditional. Keep the same meaning.

 Example

My car will be out of order. I won't drive you there.

 If my car is out of order, I won't drive you there.

1) We'll have a nap after lunch. We'll be sleepy.

     We'll have a nap after lunch if we ......................... sleepy.

 2) I won't know his phone number. I won't be able to give him a ring.

      If I ................................. his phone number, I won't be able to give him a ring.

 3) John will be at work. He won't go with us.

     As long as John ..................... at work, he won't go with us.

4) He won't like the monitor. He can send it back to the shop.

     Provided that he ...................... the monitor, he can send it back to the shop.

5) We won't help you. We won't have enough time.

     We won't help you if we ...................... enough time. You will choose some other hotel.

6)  You won't be happy about it. You will choose some other hotel

    unless you ................. happy about it.

7) Take up this course. You will like it.

     If you.......................... this course, you will like it.

 8)   Don't tell your parents. They will be surprised.

       Unless you............................. your parents, they will be surprised.

  9) You won't eat anything. You'll be hungry.

       If you ............................... anything, you'll be hungry.

10) We'll set off tomorrow. The weather will be good.

      We'll set off tomorrow on condition that the weather....................... good.